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Nutrition Information

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Proteins - Vital to Life

Proteins provide a key life force.  They are crucial to the minute-by-minute regulation and maintenance of our bodies.  Vital body functions - such as blood clotting, fluid balance, hormone and enzyme production, visual processes, and cell repair - require specific proteins.  Your body generates proteins in many configurations and sizes so that they can serve these greatly varied functions.  All these proteins use the amino acids in protein-containing foods we eat.  When we eat proteins, we are really just eating sources of amino acids.  Proteins can also supply energy for the body - 4 kcal per gram.

If you don't regularly eat enough protein, many of your metabolic processes slow down.  This is because the body does not have enough amino acids available to build the proteins it needs.  For example, the immune system no longer functions efficiently when it lacks key proteins, thereby increasing the risk of infections, disease, and eventually death.  Therefore proteins truly deserve their name, which comes from the Greek word protos, meaning "to come first."

Amino Acids

Your body needs to use 20 or so different forms of amino acids to function.  Although they are all important, 11 or so of these amino acids are considered nonessential (also called dispensable) - it isn't essential to consume them because our bodies make them using other amino acids we consume.  In other words, human cells can produce certain amino acids needed to make body proteins as long as the right ingredients are present - the key factor being nitrogen that is already part of another amino acid.

The nine amino acids the body cannot make are known as essential (also called indispensable) - they must be obtained from foods.  This is because body cells either cannot make the needed carbon backbone of the amino acid, cannot put a nitrogen group on the needed carbon backbone, or just cannot do the whole process fast enough to meet body needs.  

Both nonessential and essential amino acids are present in foods that contain protein.  If you don't eat enough essential amino acids, your body first struggles to conserve what essential amino acids it can.  however, eventually your body progressively slows production of new protein  until at some point you will break protein down faster than you can make it.  When that happens, as noted, health deteriorates.  

Therefore the two main functions of proteins in our diets are (1) to provide the nine essential amino acids needed by our bodies and (2) to provide either the nonessential amino acids our bodies use or nitrogen from an amino acid, which in turn can be used to make the nonessential amino acids.  Enough protein must be consumed to serve these two functions.  In a practical sense, a key consideration with respect to protein intake is quantity - getting enough protein via the diet to provide enough essential amino acids and enough of the necessary form of nitrogen for use in the production of any missing nonessential amino acid.

Classification of Amino Acids

Essential (indispensable) amino acids Nonessential (dispensable) amino acids
Histidine Alanine
Isoleucine Arginine
Leucine Asparagine
Lysine Aspartic acid
Methionine Cysteine
Phenylalanine (Cystine)
Threonine Glutamic acid
Tryptophan Glutamine
Valine Glycine
  Proline
  Serine
  Tyrosine

(The nutrition information is referred to Contemporary Nutrition by Gordon M. Wardlaw, third edition, 1997)

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